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1 sector gain
Телекоммуникации: усиление по сектору -
2 sector gain
English-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > sector gain
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3 gain
1) увеличение; усиление•- antenna power gain
- antenna-receive gain
- antenna-transmit gain
- area gain
- average gain
- black gain
- coding gain
- common-base gain
- common-drain gain
- common-emitter gain
- common-gate gain
- common-source gain
- contour gain
- coverage gain
- current gain
- differential gain
- differential-mode gain
- directive gain
- diversity gain
- height gain
- IF gain
- insertion gain
- isotropic gain
- loop gain
- master gain
- microphone gain
- net gain
- noise gain
- photoconductivity gain
- power gain
- process gain
- processing gain
- radio frequency gain
- receiving gain
- RF gain
- sector gain
- static gain
- statistical-network gain
- through gain
- transmitting gain
- voltage gainEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > gain
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4 public
(of, for, or concerning, the people (of a community or nation) in general: a public library; a public meeting; Public opinion turned against him; The public announcements are on the back page of the newspaper; This information should be made public and not kept secret any longer.) público- publicly- publicity
- publicize
- publicise
- public holiday
- public house
- public relations
- public service announcement
- public spirit
- public-spirited
- public transport
- in public
- the public
- public opinion poll
public1 adj públicopublic2 n públicotr['pʌblɪk]1 público,-a1 el público\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin public en públicoto be in the public eye ser objeto de interés públicoto be public knowledge ser del dominio públicoto go public SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL salir a bolsato make public hacer público,-apublic company empresa pública, sociedad nombre femenino anónimapublic holiday fiesta nacionalpublic opinion opinión nombre femenino públicapublic relations relaciones nombre femenino plural públicaspublic school SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL colegio privado 2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL colegio públicopublic sector sector nombre masculino públicopublic speaker orador,-rapublic speaking oratoriapublic transport transporte nombre masculino públicopublic utility servicio públicopublic ['pʌblɪk] adj: público♦ publicly advpublic n: público madj.• paladino, -a adj.• placero, -a adj.• público, -a adj.n.• público s.m.
I 'pʌblɪka) ( of people) públicoit wouldn't be in the public interest — no beneficiaría a la ciudadanía; eye I 1) c)
b) ( concerning the state) públicopublic body — organismo m estatal or público
public works — obras fpl públicas
c) <library/garden/footpath> públicod) (open, not concealed) <announcement/protest> públicoa well-known public figure — un personaje conocido, una persona muy conocida
to make something public — hacer* algo público
to go public — (journ) revelar algo a la prensa
e)to go public — \<\<company\>\> salir* a bolsa
II
noun (+ sing or pl vb)a) u ( people in general)b) c ( audience) público mc)['pʌblɪk]1. ADJ1) (=of the State) público•
they can hire expensive lawyers at public expense — pueden contratar abogados caros a costa de los contribuyentes•
to run for/hold public office — presentarse como candidato a/ostentar un cargo público2) (=of, for, by everyone) público•
they want to deflect public attention from the real issues — quieren desviar la opinión pública de los verdaderos problemashe has kept his family out of the public eye — ha mantenido a su familia alejada de la atención pública
•
I have decided to resign in the public interest — en el interés de los ciudadanos, he decidido dimitir3) (=open, not private) [statement, meeting] público; [appearance] en públicoit's too public here — aquí estamos demasiado expuestos al público, aquí no tenemos intimidad
can we talk somewhere less public? — ¿podemos hablar en algún sitio más privado or menos expuesto al público?
•
to go public — (Comm) empezar a cotizar en bolsathey decided to go public about their relationship * — decidieron revelar su relación a la prensa or al público
•
to make sth public — hacer público algo, publicar algo4) (=well-known)2. N1) (=people)•
the general public — el gran público•
a member of the public — un ciudadano2) (=open place)3) (=devotees) público m•
the reading/ sporting public — los aficionados a la lectura/al deporte•
the viewing public — los telespectadores3.CPDpublic access television N — (US) televisión abierta al público
public address system N — (sistema m de) megafonía f, altavoces mpl, altoparlantes mpl (LAm)
public affairs NPL — actividades fpl públicas
public assistance N — (US) asistencia f pública
public bar N — bar m
public body N — organismo m público
public company N — empresa f pública
public convenience N — (Brit) frm servicios mpl, aseos mpl públicos
public debt N — deuda f pública, deuda f del Estado
public defender N — (US) defensor(a) m / f de oficio
public enemy N — enemigo m público
- be Public Enemy No 1 or number onepublic enquiry N (Brit) — = public inquiry
public expenditure N — gasto m (del sector) público
public gallery N — (in parliament, courtroom) tribuna f reservada al público
public health N — salud f pública, sanidad f pública
public health inspector N — inspector(a) m / f de salud or sanidad pública
Public Health Service N — (US) ≈ Seguridad f Social, servicio público de asistencia sanitaria
public holiday N — fiesta f nacional, fiesta f oficial, (día m) feriado m (LAm)
public house N — (Brit) frm bar m
public housing N — (US) viviendas mpl de protección oficial
public housing project N — (US) proyecto f de viviendas de protección oficial
public inquiry N — investigación f oficial
public lavatory N — aseos mpl públicos
public law N — (=discipline, body of legislation) derecho m público; (US) (=piece of legislation) ley f pública
public library N — biblioteca f pública
public limited company N — sociedad f anónima
public money N — fondos mpl públicos
public nuisance N — (Jur) molestia f pública
he's a public nuisance — siempre está causando problemas or molestias
public opinion N — opinión f pública
public opinion poll N — sondeo m (de la opinión pública)
public ownership N —
•
to be taken into public ownership — pasar a ser propiedad del estado(fig)public property N — (=land, buildings) dominio m público
public prosecutor N — fiscal mf
See:Public Record Office N — (Brit) archivo m nacional
public relations NPL — relaciones fpl públicas
the police action was a public relations disaster — la actuación de la policía fue desastrosa para su imagen
it's just a public relations exercise — es solo una operación publicitaria or de relaciones públicas
public relations officer N — encargado(-a) m / f de relaciones públicas
public school N — (Brit) colegio m privado; (=boarding school) internado m privado; (US) escuela f pública
60,000 public-sector jobs must be cut — se deben eliminar 60.000 puestos de funcionario, se deben eliminar 60.000 puestos en el sector público
public sector borrowing requirement N — necesidades fpl de endeudamiento del sector público
public servant N — funcionario(-a) m / f
public service N — (=Civil Service) administración f pública; (usu pl) (=community facility) servicio m público
she will be remembered for a lifetime of public service — se la recordará por cómo entregó su vida al servicio de la comunidad
in doing this they were performing a public service — con esto estaban haciendo un servicio a la comunidad
public service announcement — comunicado m de interés público
public service jobs — puestos mpl de funcionario or en el sector público
public service vehicle — vehículo m de servicio público
public service worker — funcionario(-a) m / f
public service broadcasting N — servicio m público de radio y televisión
public speaker N — orador(a) m / f
she is a good public speaker — habla muy bien en público, es una buena oradora
public speaking N — oratoria f
public spending N — gasto m (del sector) público
public television N — (US) cadenas fpl públicas (de televisión)
public transport, public transportation (US) N — transporte(s) m(pl) público(s)
public utility N — empresa f del servicio público
PUBLIC ACCESS TELEVISION En Estados Unidos, el término Public Access Television hace referencia a una serie de cadenas no comerciales de televisión por cable que emiten programas de ámbito local o programas dedicados a organizaciones humanitarias sin ánimo de lucro. Entre sus emisiones se incluyen charlas sobre actividades escolares, programas sobre aficiones diversas e incluso discursos de organizaciones racistas. Estas emisiones de acceso público se crearon para dar cabida a temas de interés local e impedir que los canales por cable estuvieran dominados por unos cuantos privilegiados. En virtud de la Ley de Emisiones por Cable, el Cable Act de 1984, cualquier población en que haya algún canal por cable puede obligar a los propietarios de dicho canal a que instalen una cadena adicional de acceso público y provean el equipo, el estudio, los medios técnicos y el personal necesarios para la emisión.public works NPL — obras fpl públicas
* * *
I ['pʌblɪk]a) ( of people) públicoit wouldn't be in the public interest — no beneficiaría a la ciudadanía; eye I 1) c)
b) ( concerning the state) públicopublic body — organismo m estatal or público
public works — obras fpl públicas
c) <library/garden/footpath> públicod) (open, not concealed) <announcement/protest> públicoa well-known public figure — un personaje conocido, una persona muy conocida
to make something public — hacer* algo público
to go public — (journ) revelar algo a la prensa
e)to go public — \<\<company\>\> salir* a bolsa
II
noun (+ sing or pl vb)a) u ( people in general)b) c ( audience) público mc) -
5 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
6 muscle in
( often with on) (to gain entry, or gain a share of something by force: The large firms have muscled in on all the important contracts.) entrometerse, inmiscuirsev + adv (colloq) meterse por medio ( con prepotencia)to muscle in on something: a rival company muscled in on their market — una compañía de la competencia se introdujo en su sector del mercado
VI + ADV* * *v + adv (colloq) meterse por medio ( con prepotencia)to muscle in on something: a rival company muscled in on their market — una compañía de la competencia se introdujo en su sector del mercado
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7 antenna
antenna nантеннаairborne antennaбортовая антеннаall-around looking antennaантенна кругового обзораantenna arrayсистема направленных антеннantenna beamлепесток диаграммы направленности антенныantenna bearingантенный пеленгantenna bore sightingхолодная пристрелка антенныantenna directivity diagramдиаграмма направленности антенныantenna diversityразнос антеннantenna gainусиление антенныantenna leadввод антенныantenna mastантенная мачтаantenna patternдиаграмма направленности антенныantenna pattern shapingформирование диаграммы направленности антенныantenna rejectionподавление антенныantennas arrangementсогласование антеннantenna stabilizationстабилизация антенныantenna turning unitповоротный механизм антенныйapproach azimuth antennaазимутальная антенна захода на посадкуapproach elevation antennaугломестная антенна захода на посадкуback azimuth antennaантенна обратного азимутаback-to-back antennasантенны противоположного направленияbroad sector antennaантенна широкой зоны действияclearance antennaклиренсная антеннаcommunication antennaсвязная антеннаcrossed-loop antennaантенна, состоящая из скрещенных рамокdipole antennaдипольная антеннаdirectional antennaнаправленная антеннаelevation antennaугломестная антеннаend-fire antennaантенна с концевым излучателемfixed sector antennaнеподвижная секторная антеннаflush-mounted antennaутопленная антеннаframe antennaрамочная антеннаglide slope antennaглиссадная антеннаguyed antennaантенна, укрепленная растяжкамиhighly directional antennaостронаправленная антеннаhorn antennaрупорная антеннаlocalizer antennaантенна курсового маякаlocalizer antenna systemсистема антенны курсового посадочного радиомаякаloop antennaрамочная антеннаmarker antennaантенна маркерного приемникаmatched antennaсогласованная антеннаmismatched antennaнесогласованная антеннаmonopole antennaоднополюсная антеннаnarrow-beam antennaостронаправленная антеннаomnidirectional antennaвсенаправленная антеннаradar antennaрадиолокационная антеннаreceiving antennaприемная антеннаrod antennaштыревая антеннаsector antennaсекторная антеннаsense antennaненаправленная антеннаslot antennaщелевая антеннаsplit antennaсекционная антеннаspot-beam antennaузколучевая антеннаtrailing antennaвыпускная антеннаwide aperture antennaантенна с широким раскрывомwire antennaпроволочная антенна -
8 antenna
(мн. antennae) n•- airborne antenna - aircraft-type antenna - all-around looking antenna - all-band antenna - anti-interference antenna - approach antenna - approach azimuth antenna - approach elevation antenna - back azimuth antenna - back-to-back antennas - broadbeam antenna - broad sector antenna - cavity antenna - clearance antenna - closed antenna - coil antenna - collapsible antenna - communications antenna - crossed-loop antenna - deep-space antenna - dipole antenna - directional antenna - DF antenna - direction finder antenna - dummy antenna - elevation antenna - end-fire antenna - fixed sector antenna - flush-mounted antenna - folding antenna - frame antenna - gain antenna - glide-path antenna - glide-slope antenna - guyed antenna - highly directional antenna - homing antenna - horn antenna - localizer antenna - LOC antenna - long-range antenna - loop antenna - marker antenna - matched antenna - mismatched antenna - monopole antenna - narrow-beam antenna - omnidirectional antenna - omnipole antenna - parabolic antenna - radar antenna - radio altimeter antenna - receiving antenna - reception antenna - rhombic antenna - rod antenna - rotable antenna - rotating antenna - sector antenna - selective identification feature antenna - sense antenna - SIF antenna - slot antenna - space-borne antenna - spacecraft antenna - split antenna - spot-beam antenna - suppressive antenna - trailing antenna - transmitting antenna - umbrella-type antenna - UHF antenna - ultra high frequency antenna - very high frequency omnidirectional radio range antenna - VOR antenna - wide aperture antenna - wide-band antenna - wire antenna -
9 SAPG
1) Американизм: Software Acquisition Process Group2) Электроника: Segmented Absorber Periodic Gain3) Фирменный знак: Sector Accounting Policies Group, Sector Accounting Policy Group, Solutions Acquisition Process Group4) Экология: Scottish Agricultural Pollution Group5) Деловая лексика: Small Applications Programming Group6) Программное обеспечение: Software Apps Programming And Games, Syntactic Analysis Program Generator -
10 pattern
1) образ; изображение ( объекта); картина (напр. явления)2) структура; конфигурация; схема ( размещения или расположения) || иметь структуру; формировать структуру; обладать конфигурацией; придавать (определённую) конфигурацию; размещать(ся) или располагать(ся) по (определённой) схеме3) узор; (структурированный) рисунок || создавать узор; образовывать узор; формировать (структурированный) рисунок4) (структурированная) комбинация или последовательность ( объектов)5) распределение; картина распределения; диаграмма распределения || распределять(ся); обладать (определённой) картиной или диаграммой распределения6) диаграмма направленности (напр. антенны) || формировать диаграмму направленности (напр. антенны)7) модель; образец; шаблон || следовать модели или образцу, изготавливать по шаблону; служить моделью или образцом, являться шаблоном8) репрезентативный экземпляр; типичный пример9) тлв испытательная таблица10) стиль; форма || следовать стилю; придавать форму11) рлк (предписанная) схема захода на посадку•- 2D-pattern
- 3D-pattern
- alphamosaic pattern
- amplitude pattern
- antenna pattern
- array pattern
- arrival pattern
- axial ratio pattern
- azimuthal pattern
- background pattern
- backscattering pattern
- bar pattern
- bar test pattern
- beam pattern
- beat pattern
- bicolored pattern
- bidirectional pattern
- bit pattern
- Bitter powder patterns
- broadside pattern
- bubble pattern
- cardioid pattern
- charge pattern
- Chebyshev pattern
- Christmas-tree pattern
- circuit-interconnection pattern
- circular pattern
- code pattern
- color pattern
- color-bar pattern
- color-bar test pattern
- conductive pattern
- conductor pattern
- contoured pattern
- co-polar pattern
- co-polar radiation pattern
- cosecant pattern
- cosecant-squared pattern
- cosecant-squared radiation pattern
- cosine pattern
- cosine-type pattern
- coverage pattern
- crosshatch pattern
- cross-polar pattern
- cross-polar radiation pattern
- crystal pattern
- customized metallization pattern
- Debye powder pattern
- Debye-Scherrer powder pattern
- desktop pattern
- difference pattern
- diffraction pattern
- directional pattern
- directional-response pattern
- directivity pattern
- domain pattern
- dot pattern
- drive pattern
- earth-coverage radiation pattern
- electron-diffraction pattern
- electrostatic-charge pattern
- element pattern
- element-radiation pattern
- elevation-plane pattern
- equatorial pattern
- etch pattern
- example pattern
- eye pattern
- fan pattern
- far-field pattern
- far-zone pattern
- feed pattern
- field pattern
- fine-line pattern
- fine-linewidth pattern
- fixed-interconnection pattern
- Foucault pattern
- framing pattern
- Fraunhofer pattern
- Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
- free-space radiation pattern
- Fresnel pattern
- Fresnel diffraction pattern
- fringe pattern
- gear pattern
- grain pattern
- Gray-code test patterns
- ground-wave pattern
- heating pattern
- holographic pattern
- idle pattern
- input pattern
- integrated-circuit pattern
- interconnection pattern
- interdigitated pattern
- interference pattern
- isolation-etch oxide pattern
- land pattern
- lane-changing pattern
- language pattern
- Laue pattern
- layout pattern
- light band pattern
- Lissajous patterns
- lobed pattern
- luminescent pattern
- magnetic-field pattern
- magnetization pattern
- master pattern
- maximum-gain pattern
- metallization pattern
- mode pattern
- modulation patterns
- modulus squared Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
- moiré pattern
- multilobe pattern
- multiple pattern
- narrow-beam pattern
- near-field pattern
- near-field radiation pattern
- nulled pattern
- omnidirectional pattern
- optical pattern
- oscilloscope pattern
- output pattern
- pencil-beam pattern
- permalloy pattern
- phase pattern
- phosphor-dot pattern
- photoetched pattern
- pickax bubble propagation pattern
- polarization pattern
- polar radiation pattern
- pole-zero pattern
- potential pattern
- powder pattern
- power pattern
- primary pattern
- programmed interconnection pattern
- radiation pattern
- raster pattern
- receiving-beam pattern
- reference pattern
- reflectance pattern
- resolution pattern
- routing pattern
- scan pattern
- scattering pattern
- seasonal pattern
- secondary pattern
- sector-shaped pattern
- sector-shaped radiation pattern
- select pattern
- space pattern
- spatial-frequency pattern
- speckle pattern
- split-lobe pattern
- spot-beam pattern
- striation pattern
- stripline pattern
- stroboscopic pattern
- subject pattern
- sum pattern
- synchronization pattern
- synthetic array pattern
- target output pattern
- T-bar bubble propagation pattern
- tessellation pattern
- test pattern
- time pattern
- toroidal pattern
- tracking pattern
- training patterns
- transient pattern
- transient interference pattern
- transmitting-beam pattern
- umbrella pattern
- voltage pattern
- wedge pattern
- Y-Y bubble propagation pattern
- zero pattern -
11 pattern
1) образ; изображение ( объекта); картина (напр. явления)2) структура; конфигурация; схема ( размещения или расположения) || иметь структуру; формировать структуру; обладать конфигурацией; придавать (определённую) конфигурацию; размещать(ся) или располагать(ся) по (определённой) схеме3) узор; (структурированный) рисунок || создавать узор; образовывать узор; формировать (структурированный) рисунок4) (структурированная) комбинация или последовательность ( объектов)5) распределение; картина распределения; диаграмма распределения || распределять(ся); обладать (определённой) картиной или диаграммой распределения6) диаграмма направленности (напр. антенны) || формировать диаграмму направленности (напр. антенны)7) модель; образец; шаблон || следовать модели или образцу, изготавливать по шаблону; служить моделью или образцом, являться шаблоном8) репрезентативный экземпляр; типичный пример9) тлв. испытательная таблица10) стиль; форма || следовать стилю; придавать форму11) рлк. (предписанная) схема захода на посадку•- 3D pattern
- alphamosaic pattern
- amplitude pattern
- antenna pattern
- array pattern
- arrival pattern
- axial ratio pattern
- azimuthal pattern
- background pattern
- backscattering pattern
- bar pattern
- bar test pattern
- beam pattern
- beat pattern
- bicolored pattern
- bidirectional pattern
- bit pattern
- Bitter powder patterns
- broadside pattern
- bubble pattern
- cardioid pattern
- charge pattern
- Chebyshev pattern
- Christmas-tree pattern
- circuit-interconnection pattern
- circular pattern
- code pattern
- color pattern
- color-bar pattern
- color-bar test pattern
- conductive pattern
- conductor pattern
- contoured pattern
- co-polar pattern
- co-polar radiation pattern
- cosecant pattern
- cosecant-squared pattern
- cosecant-squared radiation pattern
- cosine pattern
- cosine-type pattern
- coverage pattern
- crosshatch pattern
- cross-polar pattern
- cross-polar radiation pattern
- crystal pattern
- customized metallization pattern
- Debye powder pattern
- Debye-Scherrer powder pattern
- desktop pattern
- difference pattern
- diffraction pattern
- directional pattern
- directional-response pattern
- directivity pattern
- domain pattern
- dot pattern
- drive pattern
- earth-coverage radiation pattern
- electron-diffraction pattern
- electrostatic-charge pattern
- element pattern
- element-radiation pattern
- elevation-plane pattern
- equatorial pattern
- etch pattern
- example pattern
- eye pattern
- fan pattern
- far-field pattern
- far-zone pattern
- feed pattern
- field pattern
- fine-line pattern
- fine-linewidth pattern
- fixed-interconnection pattern
- Foucault pattern
- framing pattern
- Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
- Fraunhofer pattern
- free-space radiation pattern
- Fresnel diffraction pattern
- Fresnel pattern
- fringe pattern
- gear pattern
- grain pattern
- Gray-code test patterns
- ground-wave pattern
- heating pattern
- holographic pattern
- idle pattern
- input pattern
- integrated-circuit pattern
- interconnection pattern
- interdigitated pattern
- interference pattern
- isolation-etch oxide pattern
- land pattern
- lane-changing pattern
- language pattern
- Laue pattern
- layout pattern
- light band pattern
- Lissajous patterns
- lobed pattern
- luminescent pattern
- magnetic-field pattern
- magnetization pattern
- master pattern
- maximum-gain pattern
- metallization pattern
- mode pattern
- modulation patterns
- modulus squared Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
- moiré pattern
- multilobe pattern
- multiple pattern
- narrow-beam pattern
- near-field pattern
- near-field radiation pattern
- nulled pattern
- omnidirectional pattern
- optical pattern
- oscilloscope pattern
- output pattern
- pattern of connectivity
- pencil-beam pattern
- permalloy pattern
- phase pattern
- phosphor-dot pattern
- photoetched pattern
- pickax bubble propagation pattern
- polar radiation pattern
- polarization pattern
- pole-zero pattern
- potential pattern
- powder pattern
- power pattern
- primary pattern
- programmed interconnection pattern
- radiation pattern
- raster pattern
- receiving-beam pattern
- reference pattern
- reflectance pattern
- resolution pattern
- routing pattern
- scan pattern
- scattering pattern
- seasonal pattern
- secondary pattern
- sector-shaped pattern
- sector-shaped radiation pattern
- select pattern
- space pattern
- spatial-frequency pattern
- speckle pattern
- split-lobe pattern
- spot-beam pattern
- striation pattern
- stripline pattern
- stroboscopic pattern
- subject pattern
- sum pattern
- synchronization pattern
- synthetic array pattern
- target output pattern
- T-bar bubble propagation pattern
- tessellation pattern
- test pattern
- time pattern
- toroidal pattern
- tracking pattern
- training patterns
- transient interference pattern
- transient pattern
- transmitting-beam pattern
- umbrella pattern
- voltage pattern
- wedge pattern
- Y-Y bubble propagation pattern
- zero patternThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > pattern
-
12 display
1) дисплей || выводить (напр. изображение) на экран дисплея2) устройство отображения; устройство индикации, индикатор; (электронное) табло; (индикаторная) панель; дисплейная панель3) отображение; индикация || отображать; использовать индикатор4) вчт выделение || выделять (напр. особым шрифтом)5) вчт вектор указателей на блоки данных о переменных (в-области действия идентификатора) и о связях, проф. вектор указателей на записи активации•- absorptive display
- absorptive-mode display
- active matrix liquid-crystal display
- active-screen laser display
- air traffic control display
- alarm display
- alarm control display
- alignment display
- alphameric -display
- alphanumeric -display - B-display
- back-light liquid-crystal display
- bar-graph display
- beam-addressed display
- bit-map display
- bit-mapped display
- black-and-white display
- branching displays
- C-display
- call display
- cathode-ray tube display
- character display
- character-mapped display - color display
- complex display
- control message display
- CRT display
- D-display
- 3-D display
- deflected-beam display
- dial display
- digital display
- digital information display
- direct display
- direct-current electroluminescent display
- direct-view laser display
- Doppler-range display
- dot-matrix display
- dynamic-scattering liquid-crystal display
- E-display
- EL display
- electrochromic display
- electroluminescence display
- electroluminescent crossed-grid panel display
- electron-beam-addressed liquid-crystal display
- electronic display
- electronic watch display
- electrooptic display
- electrophoretic display
- electrostatic display
- electro-thermo-optic display
- expanded center display
- expanded center PPI display
- F-display - field-emission display
- film-based projection display
- film-compensated super twisted nematic display
- flat-panel display
- flat-panel TV display
- flexible display
- flexible organic light-emitting diode display
- flicker-free display
- fluorescence-activated display
- FOLED display
- formatted display
- front-projection display
- F-STN display
- full-page display
- full-size TV display
- G-display
- gas-discharge display
- gas-plasma display
- glow-discharge display
- graphic display
- gray-tone display
- group display
- H-display
- half-page display
- hand-drawn display
- head-mounted display
- high-aspect ratio display - histogram display
- holographic display - incremental display
- increment-mode display
- individual display
- individual character display
- information display
- in-plane switching display
- intensity-modulated CRT display
- interactive display
- interdigital twisted-nematic display
- IPS display
- J-display
- K-display
- L-display
- lamp display
- landscape display
- laser display
- laser-beam display
- laser television display
- LCD display
- LCoS display
- LED display
- light display
- light-emitting diode display
- light-valve display
- liquid-crystal display
- liquid-crystal-on-silicon display
- liquid-vapor display
- M-display
- N-display
- magnetooptic display
- magnitude display
- matrix display
- matrix-addressed display
- matrix-controlled display
- matrix panel display
- megapel display
- megapixel display
- memory CRT display
- meter display
- micro B-display
- micromirror display
- mirror display
- monochrome display
- monolithic semiconductor display
- monostable display
- moving-vane display
- multibar display
- multicolor display
- multidial display
- multi-domain vertical alignment display
- multiscreen display
- MVA display
- nonstorage display
- numeric display
- off-center display
- off-center PPI display
- OLED display - open-center PPI display
- optoelectronic display
- organic light-emitting diode display
- oscilloscope display
- P-display
- panel display
- panoramic display
- passive-matrix liquid-crystal display
- personal display
- photochromic display
- pictorial display
- pip-matching display
- plan-position indicator display
- plasma display
- polychrome display
- polymer display
- portrait display
- PPI display
- primary display
- projection display
- pseudo-three-dimensional display
- R-display
- radar display
- radarscope display
- random-point display
- range-amplitude display
- range-azimuth display
- range-bearing display
- range-height display
- range-height indicator display
- raster display
- real-time display
- rear-projection display
- rectangular radar display
- redox display
- reduction-oxidation display
- reflective liquid-crystal display
- reflective display
- reflective-mode display
- remote display
- scanned display
- sector display
- segment display
- selective-access display
- sequential-access display
- seven-color display
- side-light liquid-crystal display
- single-screen display
- situation -display
- SOLED display
- solid-state panel display
- specular display
- stacked organic light-emitting diode display
- status display-
- step-mode display
- stereo display
- STN display
- storage-tube display
- super twisted nematic display
- target-tracking display
- teletype display
- television display
- TFT display
- thermally addressed liquid-crystal display
- thin-film transistor display
- thin-window display
- three-dimensional display
- TN display
- TOLED display
- touch display - transparent organic light-emitting diode display
- TTY display
- TV display
- twisted nematic display - video display
- virtual-image display - visual display
- wallboard display
- wall-map display
- windshield display
- X-Y matrix display -
13 display
1) дисплей || выводить (напр. изображение) на экран дисплея2) устройство отображения; устройство индикации, индикатор; (электронное) табло; (индикаторная) панель; дисплейная панель3) отображение; индикация || отображать; использовать индикатор4) вчт. выделение || выделять (напр. особым шрифтом)5) вчт. вектор указателей на блоки данных о переменных (в области действия идентификатора) и о связях, проф. вектор указателей на записи активации•- absorptive display
- absorptive-mode display
- active matrix liquid-crystal display
- active-screen laser display
- A-display
- air traffic control display
- alarm control display
- alarm display
- alignment display
- alphameric-display
- alphanumeric-display
- antiferroelectric liquid crystal display
- azel display
- back-light liquid-crystal display
- bar-graph display
- B-display
- beam-addressed display
- bit-map display
- bit-mapped display
- black-and-white display
- branching displays
- call display
- cathode-ray tube display
- C-display
- character display
- character-mapped display
- cockpit traffic situation display
- coincidence-voltage display
- color display
- complex display
- control-message display
- CRT display
- D-display
- deflected-beam display
- dial display
- digital display
- digital information display
- direct display
- direct-current electroluminescent display
- direct-view laser display
- Doppler-range display
- dot-matrix display
- dynamic-scattering liquid-crystal display
- E-display
- EL display
- electrochromic display
- electroluminescence display
- electroluminescent crossed-grid panel display
- electron-beam-addressed liquid-crystal display
- electronic display
- electronic watch display
- electrooptic display
- electrophoretic display
- electrostatic display
- electro-thermo-optic display
- expanded center display
- expanded center PPI display
- F-display
- ferroelectric liquid crystal display
- fiber-optics display
- field-emission display
- film-based projection display
- film-compensated super twisted nematic display
- flat-panel display
- flat-panel TV display
- flexible display
- flexible organic light-emitting diode display
- flicker-free display
- fluorescence-activated display
- FOLED display
- formatted display
- front-projection display
- F-STN display
- full-page display
- full-size TV display
- gas-discharge display
- gas-plasma display
- G-display
- glow-discharge display
- graphic display
- gray-tone display
- group display
- half-page display
- hand-drawn display
- H-display
- head-mounted display
- high-aspect ratio display
- high-gain emission display
- high-powered display
- histogram display
- holographic display
- hybrid field-emission display
- I-display
- incremental display
- increment-mode display
- individual character display
- individual display
- information display
- in-plane switching display
- intensity-modulated CRT display
- interactive display
- interdigital twisted-nematic display
- IPS display
- J-display
- K-display
- lamp display
- landscape display
- laser display
- laser television display
- laser-beam display
- LCD display
- LCoS display
- L-display
- LED display
- light display
- light-emitting diode display
- light-valve display
- liquid-crystal display
- liquid-crystal-on-silicon display
- liquid-vapor display
- magnetooptic display
- magnitude display
- matrix display
- matrix panel display
- matrix-addressed display
- matrix-controlled display
- M-display
- megapel display
- megapixel display
- memory CRT display
- meter display
- micro B-display
- micromirror display
- mirror display
- monochrome display
- monolithic semiconductor display
- monostable display
- moving-vane display
- multibar display
- multicolor display
- multidial display
- multi-domain vertical alignment display
- multiscreen display
- MVA display
- N-display
- nonstorage display
- numeric display
- off-center display
- off-center PPI display
- OLED display
- on-screen display
- open-center display
- open-center PPI display
- optoelectronic display
- organic light-emitting diode display
- oscilloscope display
- panel display
- panoramic display
- passive-matrix liquid-crystal display
- P-display
- personal display
- photochromic display
- pictorial display
- pip-matching display
- plan-position indicator display
- plasma display
- polychrome display
- polymer display
- portrait display
- PPI display
- primary display
- projection display
- pseudo-three-dimensional display
- radar display
- radarscope display
- random-point display
- range-amplitude display
- range-azimuth display
- range-bearing display
- range-height display
- range-height indicator display
- raster display
- R-display
- real-time display
- rear-projection display
- rectangular radar display
- redox display
- reduction-oxidation display
- reflective display
- reflective liquid-crystal display
- reflective-mode display
- remote display
- scanned display
- sector display
- segment display
- selective-access display
- sequential-access display
- seven-color display
- side-light liquid-crystal display
- single-screen display
- situation-display
- SOLED display
- solid-state panel display
- specular display
- stacked organic light-emitting diode display
- status display
- step-mode display
- stereo display
- STN display
- storage-tube display
- super twisted nematic display
- target-tracking display
- teletype display
- television display
- TFT display
- thermally addressed liquid-crystal display
- thin-film transistor display
- thin-window display
- three-dimensional display
- TN display
- TOLED display
- touch display
- touch information display
- touch-sensitive display
- transparent organic light-emitting diode display
- TTY display
- TV display
- twisted nematic display
- vacuum fluorescent display
- velocity-azimuth display
- video display
- virtual retina display
- virtual-image display
- visible laser display
- visual display
- wallboard display
- wall-map display
- windshield display
- X-Y matrix displayThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > display
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14 fund
1. n1) запас, резерв, фонд2) pl фонды, денежные средства
- accumulation fund
- adequate funds
- actual fund
- additional funds
- advisory funds
- aggressive growth fund
- amortization fund
- authorized fund
- available funds
- balanced fund
- bank funds
- basic fund
- bond fund
- bond sinking fund
- bonus fund
- borrowed funds
- budgetary funds
- burial fund
- buy-out fund
- capital fund
- capital redemption reserve fund
- cash fund
- charter fund
- claims settlement fund
- clearing house funds
- clone fund
- closed fund
- closed-end investment funds
- common stock fund
- common trust fund
- compensation fund
- consolidated fund
- consumption fund
- contingency funds
- contingent fund
- contract fund
- co-op share fund
- corporate income fund
- corporate liquid fund
- country fund
- cover funds
- credit funds
- currency fund
- debt fund
- debt funds
- deferred fund
- deposit funds
- depreciation fund
- development fund
- discretionary fund
- diversified common stock fund
- diversified common trust fund
- dividend reserve fund
- economic incentive fund
- economic stimulation fund
- emergency funds
- emergency reserve fund
- emerging markets growth fund
- employee benefit trust fund
- endowment fund
- equalization fund
- equalized fund
- equity funds
- equity common trust fund
- equity income fund
- escrow funds
- exchange stabilization fund
- expense fund
- extra funds
- extra-budgetary funds
- federal fund
- federal funds
- federal reserve fund
- federal small business support fund
- fiduciary funds
- financial fund
- financing funds
- floating funds
- floating funds in circulation
- footloose funds
- foreign funds
- fresh funds
- front-end load fund
- frozen funds
- general fund
- go-go fund
- gold settlement fund
- good funds
- government funds
- growth fund
- growth and income fund
- guarantee fund
- hard-currency funds
- hedge fund
- high-quality fund
- house funds
- illiquid funds
- imprest fund
- income fund
- income mutual fund
- indemnification fund
- indivisible funds
- inducement fund
- in-house funds
- insufficient funds
- insurance fund
- interest-sensitive funds
- internal funds
- International Monetary Fund
- investment funds
- joint fund
- labour fund
- lease fund
- lendable funds
- liquid fund
- liquid funds
- liquid foreign exchange funds
- liquid reserve fund
- liquidity fund
- load mutual fund
- loan fund
- loan funds
- loanable funds
- loan redemption fund
- local fund
- long-term funds
- low-cost funds
- material incentives fund
- maximum capital gain mutual fund
- monetary fund
- money market fund
- money market mutual fund
- mutual fund
- mutual mortgage insurance fund
- no-load fund
- off-budget fund
- offshore fund
- open-end investment fund
- open share fund
- outside funds
- overnight funds
- payroll fund
- pension fund
- performance fund
- petty cash fund
- policy reserve fund
- private fund
- private funds
- professional health insurance fund
- proprietary fund
- provident fund
- public funds
- public consumption funds
- public off-budget funds
- purchase fund
- real estate fund
- redemption fund
- registered fund
- released fund
- relief fund
- renewal fund
- research-and-development fund
- reserve funds
- retention funds
- revaluation rerserve fund
- revolving fund
- sector-specified fund
- share fund
- shareholders' fund
- short-term funds
- short-term bond fund
- sinking fund
- slush fund
- social consumption funds
- social security fund
- soft loan fund
- specialized fund
- specialty fund
- special-purpose fund
- special reserve fund
- stabilization fund
- standards of emergency funds
- standby funds
- state funds
- statutory fund
- sufficient funds
- superannuation fund
- surplus funds
- tax-exempt bond fund
- tied-up funds
- trust fund
- uncollected funds
- unit fund
- unpaid liability funds
- utility or other-enterprise fund
- volatile funds
- vulture fund
- wages fund
- welfare fund
- working capital fund
- working time fund
- fund for amortization
- fund for development of production
- fund for expansion of production
- fund for the support of small enterprise
- fund for technological improvement
- funds of a bank
- funds of an enterprise
- fund of funds
- administer a fund
- advance funds
- allocate funds
- appropriate funds
- attract funds
- be pressed for funds
- borrow funds
- call upon the fund
- commit the funds
- convert funds to another purpose
- create funds
- deposit funds
- draw money from the fund
- earmark funds
- establish a fund
- extend funds
- freeze funds
- generate funds
- grant funds
- invest funds
- launch a hedge fund
- make funds available
- manage a fund
- misspend federal funds
- obtain funds
- open a fund
- pay out funds
- provide funds
- raise funds
- redistribute funds
- release funds
- repatriate funds
- set aside funds
- set up a fund
- streamline a fund
- tie up funds
- transfer funds
- withdraw funds2. v2) финансировать, фондировать
- fund through taxation -
15 controller
1. управляющее устройство; блок управления; орган управления, рычаг управления; контроллер; регулятор4. диспетчер; операторadaptive controllerair inlet controllerair traffic controllerairborne controllerapproach controllerarrival controlleraugmentation controllerautopilot controllerboundary controllerbreadboard controllerbus controllercluster controllercooperative controllersdecoupling controllerdisplacement controllerdisplay controllerdisplay quickening controllerescape controllerfeedback controllerfinal controllerflight controllerflight management system controllerflight path controllerflutter controllerfly-by-light controllerfly-by-wire controllerfly-by-wire sidestick controllerforce-sensing sidestick controllerforward air controllerfour-axis side-arm controllerfull-order controllerhand controllerhigh-overshoot controllerisometric controllerlinear controllerlow-order controllerlow-overshoot controllerLQG controllermaneuvering controllermultiaxis sidearm controllermultifunction controllernozzle controlleroptimal controllerPID controllerpitch controllerpitch rate controllerpower-limit controllerpressure controllerproportional-plus-integral controllerradar controllerreduced-order controllerrobust controllersector controllerself-tuning controllersidearm controllersidestick controllerstate controllerstate feedback controllerstick controllerterminal controllerthrust controllerthumb controllertime-optimal controllertunable controllertuned controllertwo-axis controllertwo-state controllerup-front controllervariable-gain controllervibration controllerwheel controllerzone controller -
16 investor relations research
Mktgresearch carried out on behalf of an organization in order to gain an understanding of how financial markets regard the organization, its shares, and its sectorThe ultimate business dictionary > investor relations research
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17 control
control nуправлениеacceleration control line flow restrictorдроссельный пакет линии управления приемистостьюacceleration control unitавтомат приемистостиaerodrome approach control systemсистема управления подходом к аэродромуaerodrome controlуправление в зоне аэродромаaerodrome control communicationаэродромная командная связьaerodrome controlled zoneзона, контролируемая авиадиспетчерской службой аэродромаaerodrome control pointаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome control radarдиспетчерский аэродромный радиолокаторaerodrome control radioаэродромная радиостанция командной связиaerodrome control sectorзона контроля аэродрома диспетчерской службойaerodrome control serviceслужба управления движением в зоне аэродромаaerodrome control towerаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome control tower clearanceразрешение аэродромного диспетчерского пунктаaerodrome control unitаэродромный диспетчерский пунктaerodrome traffic control zoneзона аэродромного управления воздушным движениемaerodynamic controlуправление с помощью аэродинамической поверхностиaerodynamic roll controlуправление креном с помощью аэродинамической поверхностиaeronautical information controlаэронавигационное диспетчерское обслуживаниеaileron control systemсистема управления элеронамиaileron trim tab control systemсистема управления триммером элеронаair controlдиспетчерское обслуживание воздушного пространстваaircraft control lossпотеря управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control marginзапас управляемости воздушного суднаaircraft control systemсистема управления воздушным судномaircraft control transferпередача управления воздушным судномaircraft sanitary controlсанитарный контроль воздушных судовair intake spike controlуправление конусом воздухозаборникомair mixture controlрегулирование топливовоздушной смесиairport control towerкомандно-диспетчерский пункт аэрофлотаair traffic control1. управление воздушным движением2. ответчик системы УВД Air Traffic Control Advisory CommitteeКонсультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движениемair traffic control areaзона управления воздушным движениемair traffic control boundaryграница зоны управления воздушным движениемair traffic control centerдиспетчерский центр управления воздушным движениемair traffic control clearanceразрешение службы управления воздушным движениемair-traffic control instructionуказания по управлению воздушным движениемair traffic control loopцикл управления воздушным движениемair traffic control proceduresправила управления воздушным движениемair traffic control radarрадиолокатор управления воздушным движениемair traffic control routingпрокладка маршрута полета согласно указанию службы управления движениемair traffic control serviceслужба управления воздушным движениемair traffic control systemсистема управления воздушным движениемair traffic control unitпункт управления воздушным движениемairways controlуправление воздушным движением на трассе полетаairworthiness control systemсистема контроля за летной годностьюaltitude control unitвысотный корректорamount of controlsстепень использованияangle-of-attack controlустановка угла атакиangular position controlуправление по угловому отклонениюantitorque control pedalпедаль управления рулевым винтомapproach controlуправление в зоне захода на посадкуapproach control pointдиспетчерский пункт захода на посадкуapproach control radarрадиолокатор управления заходом на посадкуapproach control serviceдиспетчерская служба захода на посадкуapproach control towerпункт управления заходом на посадкуapproach control unitдиспетчерский пункт управления заходом на посадкуarea controlуправление в зонеarea control centerрайонный диспетчерский центр управления движением на авиатрассеarea flight controlрайонный диспетчерский пункт управления полетамиassisted controlуправление с помощью гидроусилителейassociated crop control operationконтроль состояния посевов по пути выполнения основного заданияassociated fire control operationпротивопожарное патрулирование по пути выполнения основного заданияassume the controlбрать управление на себяassumption of control messageприем экипажем диспетчерского указанияattitude control systemсистема ориентации(в полете) attitude flight controlуправление пространственным положениемautomatic boost controlавтоматическое регулирование наддуваautomatic controlавтоматическое управлениеautomatic exhaust temperature controlавтоматический регулятор температуры выходящих газовautomatic flight controlавтоматическое управление полетомautomatic flight control equipmentоборудование автоматического управления полетомautomatic flight control systemавтоматическая бортовая система управленияautomatic gain controlавтоматическая регулировка усиленияautomatic level controlавтоматическое управление уровнемautomatic path controlавтоматический контроль траекторииautomatic volume controlавтоматическое регулирование громкостиautopilot controlуправление с помощью автопилотаautostart control unitавтомат запускаbackswept boundary layer controlled wingкрыло с управляемым пограничным слоемbalance the control surfaceбалансировать поверхность управленияbank controlуправление креномblanketing of controlsзатенение рулейbleed valve control mechanismмеханизм управления клапанами перепуска воздухаbleed valve control unitблок управления клапанами перепускаboundary layer controlуправление пограничным слоемbrake control pedalпедаль управления тормозамиBudget Control SectionСекция контроля за выполнением бюджета(ИКАО) bypass controlуправление перепуском топливаcabin temperature control systemсистема регулирования температуры воздуха в кабинеcable controlтросовое управлениеcable control systemсистема тросового управленияcargo hatch control switchпереключатель управления грузовым люкомchange-over to manual controlпереходить на ручное управлениеcheck controlконтрольный кодclearance controlтаможенный досмотрcollective pitch controlуправление общим шагомcollective pitch control leverручка шаг-газcollective pitch control rodтяга управления общим шагомcollective pitch control systemсистема управления общим шагом(несущего винта) constant altitude controlвыдерживание постоянной высотыcontrol actuatorисполнительный механизм управленияcontrol boardпульт управленияcontrol boosterусилитель системы управленияcontrol cableтрос управленияcontrol cable fairleadнаправляющая тросовой проводкиcontrol cable pressure sealгермовывод троса управленияcontrol centerдиспетчерский центрcontrol characteristicхарактеристика управляемостиcontrol circuitцепь управленияcontrol columnштурвальная колонкаcontrol column elbowколено колонки штурвалаcontrol column gaiterчехол штурвальной колонкиcontrol communicationсвязь для управления полетамиcontrol consoleпульт управленияcontrol deskпульт управленияcontrol forceусилие в системе управленияcontrol gearведущая шестерняcontrol in transitionуправление на переходном режимеcontrol lagзапаздывание системы управленияcontrolled aerodromeаэродром с командно-диспетчерской службойcontrolled airspaceконтролируемое воздушное пространствоcontrolled flightконтролируемый полетcontrolled routeконтролируемый маршрутcontrolled spinуправляемый штопорcontrol leverручка управленияcontrolling beamуправляющий лучcontrolling fuelкомандное топливоcontrol linkageпроводка системы управленияcontrol lockстопор рулейcontrol lossпотеря управляемостиcontrol messageдиспетчерское указаниеcontrol modeрежим управленияcontrol of an investigationконтроль за ходом расследованияcontrol panelпульт управленияcontrol pedestalпульт управленияcontrol position indicatorуказатель положения рулейcontrol radarрадиолокационная станция наведенияcontrol radio stationрадиостанция диспетчерской связиcontrol rodтяга управленияcontrol rod pressure sealгермовывод тяги управленияcontrol signalуправляющий сигналcontrol slotщель управления(пограничным слоем) control speedэволютивная скоростьМинимально допустимая скорость при сохранении управляемости. controls responseчувствительность органов управленияcontrol stickручка управления(воздушным судном) control stick movementперемещение ручки управленияcontrol surfaceповерхность управленияcontrol surface angleугол отклонения руляcontrol surface chordхорда руляcontrol surface deflectionотклонение поверхности управленияcontrol surface effectivenessэффективность рулейcontrol surface loadнагрузка на поверхность управленияcontrol surface pilotось руляcontrol surface reversalперекладка поверхности управленияcontrol systemсистема управленияcontrol system loadусилие на систему управленияcontrol the aircraftуправлять воздушным судномcontrol the pitchуправлять шагомcontrol transfer lineрубеж передачи управленияcontrol unitкомандный приборcontrol valveклапан управленияcontrol wheelштурвалcontrol wheel forceусилие на штурвалеcontrol wheel gripрукоятка штурвалаcontrol wheel hornрог штурвалаcontrol wheel rimколесо штурвала управленияcontrol zoneзона диспетчерского контроляcrop control flightполет для контроля состояния посевовcrop control operationполет для контроля состояния посевов с воздухаcustoms controlтаможенный досмотрcyclic pitch controlуправление циклическим шагомcyclic pitch control rodтяга управления циклическим шагомcyclic pitch control stickручка продольно-поперечного управления циклическим шагом(несущего винта) cyclic pitch control systemсистема управления циклическим шагом(несущего винта) data flow controlуправление потоком информацииdeceleration control unitдроссельный механизмdeflect the control surfaceотклонять поверхность управления(напр. элерон) differential aileron controlдифференциальное управление элеронамиdifferential controlдифференциальное управлениеdigital engine controlцифровой электронный регулятор режимов работы двигателяdirect controlнепосредственный контрольdirectional controlпутевое управлениеdirectional control capabilityпродольная управляемость при посадкеdirectional control lossпотеря путевой управляемостиdirectional control pedalпедаль путевого управленияdirect lift control systemсистема управления подъемной силойdirector controlдиректорное управлениеdistance controlдистанционное управлениеDocument Control UnitСектор контроля за документациейdrift angle controlуправление углом сносаdual controlспаренное управлениеeasy-to-operate controlлегкое управлениеelectric propeller pitch controlэлектрическое управление шагом воздушного винтаelectronic engine control systemэлектронная система управления двигателемelevator controlуправление рулем высотыelevator control standколонка руля высотыemergency controlаварийное управлениеengine control systemсистема управления двигателемengine throttle control leverрычаг раздельного управления газом двигателяenvironmental control system equipmentоборудование системы контроля окружающей средыenvironment controlохрана окружающей средыenvironment control systemсистема жизнеобеспечения(воздушного судна) environment control system noiseшум от системы кондиционированияfail to maintain controlне обеспечивать диспетчерское обслуживаниеfail to relinquish controlсвоевременно не передать управлениеfeedback control systemсистема управления с обратной связьюfire control operationпротивопожарное патрулирование с воздухаflight compartment controlsорганы управления в кабине экипажаflight controlдиспетчерское управление полетамиflight control boost systemбустерная система управления полетомflight control fundamentalsруководство по управлению полетамиflight control gust-lock systemсистема стопорения поверхностей управления(при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control loadнагрузка в полете от поверхности управленияflight control systemсистема управления полетомflight director system control panelпульт управления системой директорного управленияflow controlуправление потокомflow control centerдиспетчерский центр управления потоком воздушного движенияflow control procedureуправление потокомfoot controlsножное управлениеfore-aft control rodтяга провольного управленияfuel control panelтопливный щитокfuel control unitкомандно-топливный агрегатfuel injection controlрегулирование непосредственного впрыска топливаfull-span control surfaceповерхность управления по всему размаху(напр. крыла) get out of controlтерять управлениеgo out of controlстановиться неуправляемымground controlуправление наземным движениемground controlled approachзаход на посадку на посадку под контролем наземных средствground control systemназемная система управления(полетом) hand controlручное управлениеhandle the flight controlsоперировать органами управления полетомheading control loopрамочная антенна контроля курсаhealth controlмедицинский контрольhelicopter control systemсистема управления вертолетомhydraulic controlгидравлическое управлениеhydraulic control boost systemгидравлическая бустерная система управленияhydraulic propeller pitch controlгидравлическое управление шагом воздушного винтаimmigration controlиммиграционный контрольindependent controlавтономное управлениеinertial control systemинерциальная система управленияintegrated control systemвстроенная система контроляintegrated system of airspace controlкомплексная система контроля воздушного пространстваinterphone control boxабонентский аппарат переговорного устройстваirreversible controlнеобратимое управлениеjacking control unitпульт управления подъемникамиjet deviation control systemсистема управления отклонением реактивной струиlaminar flow controlуправление ламинарным потокомlanding controlуправление посадкойland use controlконтроль за использованием территорииlateral controlпоперечное управлениеlateral control rodтяга поперечного управленияlateral control spoilerинтерцептор - элеронlateral control systemсистема поперечного управления(воздушным судном) layout of controlsрасположение органов управленияlevel controlуправление эшелонированиемlongitudinal controlпродольное управлениеlongitudinal control rodтяга продольного управленияlongitudinal control systemсистема продольного управления(воздушным судном) loss of controlпотеря управленияloss the controlтерять управлениеlow control areaнижний диспетчерский районmaintain controlобеспечивать диспетчерское обслуживаниеmanipulate the flight controlsоперировать органами управления полетомmanual controlручное управлениеmaster controlцентральный пульт управленияmid air collision controlпредупреждение столкновений в воздухеmixture controlвысотный корректорmixture control assemblyвысотный корректор двигателяmixture control knobручка управления высотным корректоромmixture control leverрычаг высотного корректораnoise controlконтроль уровня шумаnoise control techniqueметод контроля шумаnonreversible controlнеобратимое управлениеnozzle control systemсистема управления реактивным сопломoceanic area control centerокеанический районный диспетчерский центрoceanic control areaокеанический диспетчерский районoil control ringмаслосборное кольцоoperating controlsорганы управленияoperational controlдиспетчерское управление полетамиoverspeed limiting controlузел ограничения заброса оборотовpassport controlпаспортный контрольpedal controlножное управлениеpilot on the controlsпилот, управляющий воздушным судномpitch controlпродольное управлениеpitch control leverручка шагаpitch control systemсистема управления тангажомpitch trim control knobкремальера тангажаpositive control zoneзона полного диспетчерского контроляpower augmentation controlуправление форсажемpower-boost controlобратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителейpower-boost control systemбустерная обратимая система управленияpowered controlуправление с помощью гидроусилителейpower-operated controlнеобратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителейpower-operated control systemнеобратимая система управленияpressure control systemсистема регулирования давленияpressure control unitавтомат давленияpropeller control unitрегулятор числа оборотов воздушного винтаpropeller pitch controlуправление шагом воздушного винтаpropeller pitch control systemл управления шагом воздушного винтаpull the control column backбрать штурвал на себяpull the control stick backбрать ручку управления на себяpush-button controlкнопочное управлениеpush-pull control systemжесткая система управления(при помощи тяг) push the control columnотдавать штурвал от себяpush the control stickотдавать ручку управления от себяquality control expertэксперт по контролю за качествомradar approach controlцентр радиолокационного управления заходом на посадкуradar controlрадиолокационный контрольradar control areaзона действия радиолокатораradar transfer of controlпередача радиолокационного диспетчерского управленияradio control boardпульт управления по радиоradio remote controlрадиодистанционное управлениеregional control centerрегиональный диспетчерский центрrelease of controlпередача управленияrelinquish controlпередавать управлениеremote controlдистанционное управлениеremote control equipmentоборудование дистанционного управленияremote control systemсистема дистанционного управленияrespond to controlsреагировать на отклонение рулейreverser lock control valveклапан управления замком реверсаreversible controlобратимое управлениеreversible control systemобратимая система управленияrigid controlжесткое управлениеroll controlуправление по кренуroll control force sensorдатчик усилий по кренуroll control knobручка управления креномrudder controlуправление рулем направленияrudder control systemсистема управления рулем направленияrudder trim tab control systemсистема управления триммером руля направленияrunway controlledдиспетчер стартаrunway control vanпередвижной диспетчерский пункт в районе ВППsafety control measuresмеры по обеспечению безопасностиspeed control areaзона выдерживания скоростиspeed control systemсистема управления скоростью(полета) spring tab control rodтяга управление пружинным сервокомпенсаторомstabilizer control jackмеханизм перестановки стабилизатораstack controlledдиспетчер подходаstarting fuel control unitавтомат подачи пускового топливаsteering-damping control valveраспределительно демпфирующий механизмstiff controlтугое управлениеsurface movement controlуправление наземным движениемsurge controlпротивопомпажный механизмtab control systemсистема управления триммеромtab control wheelштурвальчик управления триммеромtail rotor control pedalпедаль управления рулевым винтомtake over the controlбрать управление на себяtemperature controlтерморегуляторtemperature control amplifierусилитель терморегулятораtemporary loss of controlвременная потеря управляемостиterminal control areaузловой диспетчерский районterminal radar controlконечный пункт радиолокационного контроляterminate the controlпрекращать диспетчерское обслуживаниеtermination of controlпрекращение диспетчерского обслуживанияthrottle controlуправление газомthrottle control knobсектор управления газомthrottle control twist gripручка коррекции газаtie bus controlуправление переключением шинtrack controlledдиспетчер обзорного радиолокатораtraffic controlуправление воздушным движениемtraffic control instructionsправила управления воздушным движениемtraffic control personnelперсонал диспетчерской службы воздушного движенияtraffic control regulationsправила управления воздушным движениемtransfer of controlпередача диспетчерского управленияtransfer the controlпередавать диспетчерское управление другому пунктуtrim tab controlуправление триммеромturn control knobручка управления разворотомunassisted controlуправление без применения гидроусилителейunassisted control systemбезбустерная система управленияupper area control centerдиспетчерский центр управления верхним райономupper control areaверхний диспетчерский районupper level control areaверхний район управления эшелонированиемwarning system control unitблок управления аварийной сигнализацииweight and balance controlledдиспетчер по загрузке и центровкеwind flaps control systemсистема управления закрылкамиwindshield heat control unitавтомат обогрева стеколwing flap control systemсистема управления закрылкамиyaw controlуправление по углу рыскания -
18 glide
glide nпланированиеabove the glide slopeвыше глиссадыaircraft spiral glideпланирование воздушного судна по спиралиangle of glideугол планированияapproach glideпланирование при заходе на посадкуapproach glide slopeглиссада захода на посадкуbelow the glide slopeниже глиссадыbreak glideуходить с глиссадыdeviate from the glide slopeотклоняться от глиссадыduck below the glide pathрезко снижаться относительно глиссадыequisignal glide pathравносигнальная линия глиссадыfalse glide pathложная глиссадаfollow the glide slopeвыдерживать глиссадуgain the glide pathвходить в глиссадуglide capture phaseэтап входа в глиссадуglide landingпосадка с этапа планированияglide pathглиссадаglide path angular errorугловая погрешность глиссадыglide path planeплоскость глиссадыglide path sectorсектор планированияglide path slopeнаклон глиссадыglide slope1. угол наклона глиссады2. глиссада glide slope antennaглиссадная антеннаglide slope beaconглиссадный маякglide slope beamглиссадный лучglide slope beam bendискривление глиссадного лучаglide slope captureзахват глиссадного лучаglide slope deviation barпланка глиссадыglide slope deviation scaleшкала отклонения от глиссадыglide slope errorсигнал отклонения от глиссадыglide slope extensionрастягивание глиссадыglide slope flagбленкер отказа глиссадной системыglide slope interceptionзахват глиссадного лучаglide slope limit lineлиния ограничения отклонения от глиссадыglide slope lineлиния глиссадыglide slope off-courseвне глиссадыglide slope pointerуказатель отклонения от глиссадыgliding angleугол планированияgliding approachзаход на посадку в режиме планированияgliding descentснижение в режиме планированияgliding distanceдистанция планированияgliding flightпланирующий полетgliding performanceхарактеристика планированияgliding rangeдальность планированияgliding speedскорость планированияgliding turnразворот в процессе планированияintercept glide path angleугол захвата глиссадыintercept the glide slopeзахватывать луч глиссадыmean glide path errorпогрешность залегания средней линии глиссадыovershoot capture of the glide slopeпоздний захват глиссадного лучаreach the glide pathвходить в зону глиссадыregain the glide pathвозвращаться на глиссадуtwo-frequency glide path systemдвухчастотная глиссадная система -
19 path
path nтраекторияactual flight pathфактическая траектория полетаairborne pathвоздушный участок траекторииair pathвоздушная трассаalternate descend pathзапасная траектория сниженияapproach noise pathтраектория распространения шумаapproach pathтраектория захода на посадкуarc of a pathдуга траекторииascending pathвосходящая траекторияassigned flight pathзаданная траектория полетаautomatic path controlавтоматический контроль траекторииazimuth approach pathтраектория захода на посадку по азимутуbalked landing pathтраектория прерванной посадкиboom propagation pathтраектория распространения звукового удараcenter-of-gravity pathтраектория движения центра тяжестиclimb pathтраектория набора высотыconflicting flight pathтраектория полета с предпосылкой к конфликтной ситуацииdeparture pathтраектория начального этапа набора высотыdescent pathтраектория сниженияdesired flight pathрекомендуемая траектория полетаdesired path flightполет по заданной траекторииduck below the glide pathрезко снижаться относительно глиссадыeffective air pathдействующая воздушная трассаen-route flight pathтраектория полета по маршрутуequisignal glide pathравносигнальная линия глиссадыextension pathтраектория движения при выпускеeye level pathлиния уровня глазfalse glide pathложная глиссадаfinal approach pathтраектория конечного этапа захода на посадкуfire rescue pathмаршрут эвакуации пассажиров при возникновении пожараflat takeoff pathпологая траектория взлетаflight pathтраектория полетаflight path angleугол наклона траектории полетаflight path curvatureкривизна траектории полетаflight path envelopeдиапазон изменения траектории полетаflight path segmentучасток траектории полетаflight path trackingвыдерживание траектории полетаgain the glide pathвходить в глиссадуglide pathглиссадаglide path angular errorугловая погрешность глиссадыglide path planeплоскость глиссадыglide path sectorсектор планированияglide path slopeнаклон глиссадыgrease path methodметод масляного пятнаholding pathтраектория полета в зоне ожиданияhorizontal flight pathтраектория горизонтального полетаintended flight pathпредполагаемая траектория полетаintercept glide path angleугол захвата глиссадыlanding flare pathтраектория выравнивания перед приземлениемlateral flight pathтраектория бокового пролетаlevel flight pathтраектория горизонтального полетаlow weather minima pathтраектория полетов по низким минимумам погодыmean glide path errorпогрешность залегания средней линии глиссадыminimum flight pathтраектория полета наименьшей продолжительностиmultisegmented pathмногосегментная траекторияnoise certification approach pathтраектория захода на посадку, сертифицированная по шумуnoise certification takeoff flight pathтраектория взлета, сертифицированная по шумуnoise pathтраектория распространения шумаnoise path lengthдлина траектории распространения шумаnominal approach pathноминальная траектория захода на посадкуobtain the correct pathвыходить на заданную траекториюpath angleпутевой уголpath followingвыдерживание траекторииpath tracking accuracyточность слежения за траекторией полетаprecision approach pathтраектория точного захода на посадкуprecision approach path indicatorуказатель траектории точного захода на посадкуpropagation pathтраектория распространенияreach the glide pathвходить в зону глиссадыregain the glide pathвозвращаться на глиссадуretraction pathтраектория движения стойки шасси при уборкеsegmented approach pathсегментная траектория захода на посадкуstraight-in approach pathтраектория захода на посадку с прямойtakeoff flight pathтраектория взлетаtakeoff flight path areaзона набора высоты при взлетеtransient flight pathтраектория неустановившегося полетаtransmission pathлиния передачиtwo-frequency glide path systemдвухчастотная глиссадная системаvapor pathинверсионный следvortex pathвихревая дорожкаworking pathрабочий ход -
20 altitude
1. n 2. a◊to express the altitude — чітко вказувати висоту (напр. під час заходження на посадку)
to reach an altitude of... — досягнути висоти...
•- aerodrome altitude - altimetric altitude - apparent altitude - area minimum altitude - barometric altitude - base altitude - burnout altitude - cabin pressure altitude - calibrated altitude - celestial altitude - corrected altitude - critical altitude - cruising altitude - cutoff altitude - decay-safe altitude - decision altitude - density altitude - design altitude - design cruising altitude - design altitude of nozzle - engine critical altitude - en-route altitude - equivalent altitude - final approach altitude - final intercept altitude - flare-out altitude - flight altitude - fuel efficient altitude - heliocentric transfer altitude - high density altitude - holding altitude - indicated altitude - initial approach altitude - instrument altitude - minimum altitude - minimum authorized altitude - minimum decision altitude - minimum descent altitude - minimum en-route altitude - minimum safe altitude - minimum sector altitude - obstacle clearance altitude - operating altitude - perigee altitude - photographic altitude - polar altitude - preselected altitude - pressure altitude - rated altitude - reference altitude - restarting altitude - safe altitude - safety altitude - selected approach altitude - specified altitude - temperature altitude - traffic pattern altitude - transition altitude - transonic acceleration altitude - true altitude
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